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Post-Tridentine Nunciatures

Logo Post‑Tridentine Apostolic Nunciatures (wersja bez tła). Okrągły emblemat z mapą Europy w beżowym odcieniu, na którym krzyżują się dwa bordowe klucze pod papieską tiarą, po prawej czarny, kapitalikowy napis „POST‑TRIDENTINE APOSTOLIC NUNCIATURES”
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Research team

Uśmiechnięta kobieta w pepitkowym żakiecie i czarnym golfie stoi przodem, za nią rozmazana fasada i potężna kopuła Bazyliki św. Piotra.

Project leader Dr. Dorota Gregorowicz specialises in the history of early modern papal diplomacy, particularly in relation to the Polish-Lithuanian state. She is also interested in broadly defined political communication during this period and in applying research on diplomacy to wider geographical contexts using methodological approaches such as connected history or histoire croisée. She is passionate about source editing and is working on the publication of documents as part of the Acta Nuntiaturae Polonae publishing series.

In 2013, she obtained her Master’s degree in Historical Sciences from both the University of Silesia and the University of Trento. She then proceeded to study at the University of Eastern Piedmont, where she obtained her Ph.D. in Languages, History and Institutions in 2017, earning the Doctor Europaeus label. Since 2018, she has worked as an Assistant Professor at the University of Silesia, leading relevant research projects such as The Holy See Towards the Crisis of Sovereignty of John Casimir Vasa and Michael Korybut Wiśniowiecki’s Election (1660–1669) (National Science Centre Sonatina 2, project no. 2018/28/C/HS3/00176, which concluded in 2021), and the ongoing Geopolitical Character of the Post-Tridentine Apostolic Nunciatures (1562–1605): A Prosopographical and Comparative Study (National Science Centre Sonata 16, project no. 2020/39/D/HS3/00742).

Relevant publications:

  1. Impietas gravissima – the Warsaw Confederation in the Papal Diplomacy’s Discourse in the Second Half of the Sixteenth Century, “Roczniki Humanistyczne” 71/2spec. (2023), 89–108.
  2. Acta Nuntiaturae Polonae, T. XIII, vol. 1: Hannibale de Capua, Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, 2023.
  3. The Audiences of Apostolic Nuncios at the Court of Polish Vasas (1587–1668), in Monarchie und Diplomatie Handlungsoptionen und Netzwerke am Hof Sigismunds III. Wasa, hg. Olivier Hegedüs, Kolja Lichy, Paderborn: Brill-Schöningh, 2023, 224–249.
  4. The 'Obstacle of Sex’. Christina of Sweden and Her Aspirations to the Polish-Lithuanian Throne, “Gender & History” 35/1 (2023), 68–84.
  5. Una protezione ben accetta? La nobiltà polacco-lituana nei confronti dell’impegno pontificio nelle elezioni dei re (1572–1587), “Archivum Historiae Pontificiae” 55 (2021), 123–148.
  6. Diplomats and diplomacy in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ed. by Dorota Gregorowicz, Alessandro Boccolini, Viterbo: Settecittà, 2021.
  7. Audiencja publiczna nuncjusza apostolskiego Galeazza Marescottiego na sejmie elekcyjnym 1669 r. Znaczenie i ceremoniał, “Res Historica” 52 (2021), 109–140.
  8. The Polish-Lithuanian Interregna and Papal Diplomacy, in: Confessional Diplomacy in Early Modern Europe, ed. by Roberta Anderson, Charlotte Backerra, London: Routledge, 2021, 11–39.
  1. La Santa Sede nei confronti dell’istituzione della libera elezione nello Stato polacco-lituano della seconda metà del XVI secolo, “Rivista Storica Italiana” CXXXI/3 (2019), 812–846.
  2. Tiara w grze o koronę. Stolica Apostolska wobec wolnych elekcji w Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów w drugiej połowie XVI w., Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, 2019.
„Czarno‑białe, okrągłe zdjęcie mężczyzny w średnim wieku, z krótkimi włosami i okularami, w pasiastym swetrze, neutralne tło.

Doc. Dr. Tomáš Černušák is a renowned specialist in the history of papal politics and diplomacy in the imperial lands, particularly Bohemia, during the early modern period. His interests also include broader political communication during this period, the history of religion and religious orders in the early modern period, in Moravia in particular. He works as an editor and is involved in preparing critical editions of the correspondence of papal nuncios at the imperial court (1592–1628).

He obtained a Master’s degree in History and Archival Science from Masaryk University in 1996, as well as a Master’s degree in Theology from Palacký University Olomouc in 1998. He went on to earn a Ph.D. in Czech and Czechoslovak History from Palacký University Olomouc in 2000. He completed his habilitation procedure in 2020 at Palacký University Olomouc with research entitled Papal Nunciature at the Imperial Court of Rudolf II. Diplomatic Service for the Church in the Time of Counter-Reformation. He currently works at the Institute of History of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and at Masaryk University in Brno. Since 2025 he has been the Director of the Czech Historical Institute in Rome. 

Relevant publications:

  1. Papal Nuncios in Prague as Part of the Imperial Court: The Significance of Integration, Sociability, and Credibility of Papal Diplomats at the Turn of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, “Journal of Early Modern Christianity” 10 (2023), 279–297.
  2. The Strategy of Papal Nuncios in the Sacred Space of Prague against the Backdrop of the Confessional Transformation of the City at the Turn of Seventeenth Century, “The Catholic Historical Review” 108 (2022), 509–533.
  3. I nunzi apostolici e il loro spazio a Praga a cavallo tra il XVI e il XVII secolo. Le strategie dei diplomatici papali nel contesto della città sede imperiale, “Rivista Storica Italiana” 134/2 (2022), 347–379.
  4. The Prague Nuncios and Their Relationship to Non-Catholics at the Turn of the 16th and 17th Centuries, “Rocznik Filozoficzny Ignatianum” 28/1 (2022), 35–48.
  5. (with Pavel Marek), Gesandte und Klienten: päpstliche und spanische Diplomaten im Umfeld von Kaiser Rudolf II., Berlin – Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2020.
  6. Camillo Cattaneo und sein Dienst für die Päpste. Zum Wirken eines der Agenten am Kaiserhof in Prag, “Mitteilungen des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung” 127 (2019), 431–440.
  7. Epistulae et acta nuntiorum apostolicorum apud imperatorem 1592–1628. Tomus IV., Pars V., Epistulae et acta Antonii Caetani 1607-1611. Julius 1609 – Februarius 1611, edidit Tomáš Černušák, Pragae: Academia, 2017.
  8. Tomáš Černušák et al., The Papacy and the Czech Lands. A History of Mutual Relations, Prague: Institute of History; Rome: Istituto Storico Ceco di Roma, 2016.
  9. Epistulae et acta nuntiorum apostolicorum apud imperatorem 1592–1628. Tomus IV., Pars IV., Epistulae et acta Antonii Caetani 1607–1611. September 1608 – Junius 1609, edidit Tomáš Černušák, Pragae: Academia, 2013.
  10. Nunciatura u císařského dvora v prvních letech vlády Rudolfa II. a české země, “Český časopis historický” 111 (2013), 728–742.
Mężczyzna w ciemnym marynarce i białej koszuli, ze skrzyżowanymi rękami, na jednolitym, jasnoniebieskim tle, patrzy w obiektyw.

Prof. Paolo Carta is an internationally recognised expert on early modern legal and political thought, the history of diplomacy, leadership and the rule of law. He is one of the foremost specialists in the work of Francesco Guicciardini. In his research, he combines the political theory of the period with its practical application in real politics, and above all, diplomacy. He has also published primary sources, the most interesting of which, in the context of the ongoing project, are excellent Ricordi politici, written by the papal nuncio Cesare Speciano.

He earned his Master’s degree in Political Science at the University of Sassari in 1994. Consequently, he obtained a Ph.D. in History of Political Thought from the University of Perugia in 1999, and completed a postdoctoral fellowship at the École Normale Supérieure – Fontenay Saint-Cloud from 2000 to 2001. After that, he began working at the University of Trento. He has been a Visiting Professor at Columbia University in New York, the École Normale Supérieure – LSH in Lyon and the University of Oxford. Since 2012, he has held the role of Member of the Admission Committee at The Italian Academy for Advanced Studies in America of Columbia University. Since 2022, he has been the Dean of the Faculty of Law at the University of Trento.

Relevant publications:

  1. Machiavelli e l’esperienza della legazione di Germania, in «Cose della Magna» Machiavelli e il mondo tedesco, a cura di Lucio Biasiori, Cora Presezzi, Roma: Istituto Italiano di Studi Germanici, 2024, 23–32.
  2. A Lost Mediterranean Culture: The Giant Statues of Sardinia’s Monte Prama, ed. by Barbara Faedda, Paolo Carta et al., New York: Columbia University Press, 2023.
  3. Mutare natura: Machiavelli su imperatore e principe, “Storia del pensiero politico” v. 2020/3 (2020), 413–426.
  4. (with Dorota Gregorowicz), Nunziature e politica nel ‘500: l’istituto e i suoi aspetti critici, Ambassades et ambassadeurs en Europe (XVe–XVIIe siècles), par Jean-Louis Fournel, Matteo Residori, Genève: Droz, 2020, 441–466.
  5. «Francesco Guicciardini, quello che scrisse questa istoria, dottore di legge», in La ‘Storia d’Italia’ di Guicciardini e la sua fortuna, a cura di Claudia Berra, Anna Maria Cabrini, Milano: Cisalpino, 2012, 47–66.
  6. Ordine giuridico e ordine politico: esperienze, lessico e prospettive, a cura di Paolo Carta, Fulvio Cortese, Padova: CEDAM, 2008.
  7. I cartografi della cristianità: geografia e politica nelle nunziature apostoliche, “Laboratoire Italien” 8 (2008), 99–122.
  8. Géographie et politique au début de l’âge moderne, éd. Paolo Carta, Romain Descendre, Lyon: ENS éditions, 2008.
  9. Ricordi politici: le 'Proposizioni civili’ di Cesare Speciano e il pensiero politico del XVI secolo, Trento: Università degli studi di Trento, 2003.
  10. Nunziature ed eresia nel Cinquecento: nuovi documenti sul processo e la condanna di Francesco Pucci (1592–1597), Padova: CEDAM, 1999.